o-^^ 


Issued  by  the 

I  H  C  Service  Bureau 

International  Harvester   Company  of   America 

(INCORPORATED) 

Chicago  USA 


S.  B.  277B 


INTRODUCTORY 


The  area  infected  with  the  cattle  tick  includes 
Florida,  Alabama,  Georgia,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
Arkansas,  two-thirds  of  Texas,  half  of  Oklahoma, 
half  of  IS'orth  Carolina,  nearly  all  of  South  Carolina, 
a  few  counties  in  Tennessee  and  also  one  or  two 
counties  in  California. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  annual  loss  due  to  the 
cattle  tick  is  approximately  $100,000,000. 

The  facts  relative  to  the  cattle  tick  set  forth  in 
tiie  following  pages  should  be  known  to  every  South- 
ern farmer.  By  united  effort  the  tick  pest  can  be 
destroyed,  and  its  destruction  will  save  the  Southern 
farmer  millions  of  dollars.  Everyone  who  owns 
cattle  in  the  infected  area  is  interested  in  knowing 
how  to  destrov  the  cattle  tick. 


281908 


The  Cattle  Tick  and  How  to  Destroy  It* 

There  are  various  kinds  of  species  of  ticl^s  to  be  found  on  cattle  in 
the  Southern  States,  but  the  one  that  cliiefly  concerns  us  liere  is  that 
commonly  called  the  "cattle"  or  "Texas-fever"  tick.  It  is  the  one 
most  frequently  found  on  cattle  and  is  much  more  abundant  than  the 
other  species.  When  the  losses  occasioned  by  this  parasite  are  once 
thoroughly  understood  by  farmers  and  stockmen  there  will  be  little 
need  for  arguments  in  favor  of  tick  eradication.  Some  of  the  losses 
are  not  directly  noticeable  and  consequently  make  little  impres- 
sion, while  other  losses  properly  chargeable  to  the  tick  are  frequently 
attributed  to  other  causes. 

It  is  liardly  necessary  to  emphasize  the  important  fact  that  the 
tick  is  something  more  than  a  simple  parasite  drawing  blood  from  his 
host,  it  being  the  carrier  of  a  dangerous  micro-organism  or  germ, 
which  it  transmits  to  the  blood  of  cattle,  thus  causing  a  disease  known 
by  many  names,  among  which  are  Texas  fever,  tick  fever,  splenetic 
fever,  and  murrian.  Without  the  tick  there  can  be  no  Texas  fever, 
and  it  is  by  preventing  the  spread  of  the  tick  beyond  its  natural  bounds 
that  the  fever  has  been  prevented  from  waging  destruction  among 
Northern  cattle,  which  are  especially  susceptible  to  the  disease.  In 
order  to  restrict  the  distribution  of  the  tick  the  national  and  state 
government  maintain  a  quarantine  line  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  coast,  marking  the  boundary  between  the  states  or  portions 
of  states  harboring  this  pest  and  those  that  do  not.  Cattle  of  the 
quarantined  area  can  not  be  driven  across  this  line,  and  may  be  shipped 
only  in  accordance  with  the  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
to  prevent  the  spread  of  splenetic  fever  of  cattle. 

The  more  important  losses  for  which  the  tick  is  responsible  are  as 
follows : 

1.  Deaths  from  tick  fever  among  native  cattle  and  pure-bred  cattle 
imported  from  the  North  for  breeding  purposes. 

2.  Deaths  of  cattle  north  of  the  quarantine  line  from  fever  follow- 
ing the  occasional  accidental  introduction  of  the  tick. 

3.  The  temporary  and  permanent  arrest  of  growth  and  develop- 
ment resulting  from  attacks  of  the  fever. 

4.  The  decrease  in  weight  and  the  lessened  rate  in  putting  on  flesh 
in  the  case  of  beef  cattle,  and  the  decrease  in  the  amount  of  milk  pro- 
duced by  dairy  cattle,  as  the  result  of  the  irritation  and  loss  of  blood 
occasioned  by  great  numbers  of  ticks. 


*Note  — Excerpt  from   Farmers'  Bulletin  378  by  H.  W.  Graybill.  published  by  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture. 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 


6  THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 

5.  The  prevention  of  Southern  breeders  from  exhibiting  their  stock 
in  the  North. 

6.  The  decreased  price  that  Southern  cattle  bring  on  the  market 
on  account  of  the  restrictions  placed  upon  them. 

7.  The  considerable  expense  incurred  each  year  by  the  Federal 
Government  and  the  infested  states  in  establishing  quarantine  lines 
and  in  enforcing  regulations  to  prevent  tiie  spread  of  Texas  fever. 

Various  writers  iiave  estimated  the  annual  loss  due  to  the  tick  at 
from  $40,000,000  to  $100,000,000.  These  figures  should  be  ample  argu- 
ment, even  to  the  most  conservative,  for  the  eradication  of  the  tick. 

The  South  needs  more  and  better  live  stock  and  a  larger  and 
better  dairy  industry,  and  these  objects  vpould  be  greatly  promoted 
by  the  destruction  of  the  tick.  Furthermore,  the  increased  production 
of  live  stock,  by  reason  of  its  important  bearing  in  maintaining  and 
improving  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  would  be  of  distinct  benefit  in  in- 
creasing the  yield  of  field  crops.  An  incidental  though  important 
advantage  of  stock  raising  and  dairying  would  be  found  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  farmer's  income  throughout  the  year,  enabling  liim  to 
live  on  a  cash  basis.  It  can  thus  be  seen  that  the  benefits  which 
would  accrue  to  Southern  agriculture  from  the  extermination  of  the 
cattle  tick  would  be  very  great  and  far-reaching. 

Life  History  of  the  Tick 

Before  methods  of  eradication  can  be  carried  out  intelligently 
and  successfully,  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  life  history  of  the  tick, 
and  the  influence  of  temperature,  moisture,  and  other  climatic  condi- 
tions on  the  various  stages  of  its  existence.  These  matters  will  there- 
fore be  taken  up  first,  it  being  understood  that  whenever  the  term 
"tick"  or  "  cattle  tick  "  is  used,  it  refers  to  the  one  species  or  kind. 

Tlie  usual  host  for  this  tick  is  the  cow  or  ox.  Frequently,  how- 
ever, horses,  mules,  deer,  and  sometimes  even  sheep  serve  as  hosts. 
But  none  of  these  latter  animals,  with  the  possible  exception  of  deer, 
are  susceptible  to  tick  fever,  consequently  they  suffer  from  the  tick  as 
a  simple  parasite  and  not  as  a  transmitter  of  disease,  although  they 
must  be  considered  in  plans  for  eradication. 

Only  a  part  of  the  development  of  the  tick  takes  place  on  the  host; 
the  rest  of  the  development  occurs  on  the  pasture  occupied  by  the 
host. 

Development  on  the  Ground 

In  tracing  the  life  history  of  the  cattle  tick  it  will  be  convenient 
to  begin  with  the  large,  plump,  olive-green  female  tick,  somewhat 
more  than  half  an  inch  in  length,  attached  to  the  skin  of  the  host. 
During  the  few  preceding  days  she  lias  increased  enormously  in  size 
as  a  consequence  of  drawing  a  large  supply  of  blood. 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 


TheFe 


and  Its  Eggs 


One  tick  is  capable  of  lay- 
ing 4,000  eggs.  The  period 
of  depositing  eggs  lasts  about 
one  week.  The  eggs  hatch  in 
about  three  weeks  in  summer; 
in  fall  and  winter  they  lay 
dormant.  Each  egg  is  capable 
of   furnishing    one   seed   tick 


When  fully  engorged  she  drops  to  the  ground,  and  at  once,  espe- 
cially if  the  weather  is  warm,  begins  to  search  for  a  hiding  place  on 
moist  earth  beneath  leaves  or  any  other  litter  which  may  serve  as  a 
protection  from  the  sun  and  numerous  enemies. 
-  •'«*-  The  female  tick  may  be  devoured  by  birds  or 

destroyed  by  ants,  or  may  perish  as  the  result  of 
unfavorable  conditions,  such  as  low  temperature, 
absence  or  excess  of  moisture,  and  many  other 
conditions:  so  that  many  which  fall  to  the  ground 
are  destroyed  before  they  lay  eggs. 

Egg  laying  begins  during  the  spring,  summer, 
and  fall  months  in  from  two  to  twenty  days,  and 
during  the  winter  months  in  thirteen  to  ninety- 
eight  days.  The  eggs  are  small,  elliptical-shaped 
bodies,  at  first  of  a  light  amber  color,  later 
changing  to  a  dark  brown,  and  are  about  one- 
fiftieth  of  an  inch  in  length.  As  the  eggs  are 
laid  they  are  coated  with  a  sticky  secretion  which 
causes  them  to  adhere  in  clusters  and,  no  doubt, 
serves  the  purpose  of  keeping  them  from  drying 
out.  During  eg^  laying  the  mother  tick  gradu- 
ally shrinks  in  size  and  finally  is  reduced  to 

about  one-third  or  one-fourth  her  original  size.    Egg  laying  is  greatly 

influenced  by  temperature,  being  retarded  or  even  arrested  by  low 

temperatures.    It  is  completed  in  from  four  days  in  the  summer  to 

one  hundred  and  fifty-one  days,  beginning  in  the  fall.    During  this 

time  the  tick  may  deposit  from  a  few  hundred  to  more  than  5,000  eggs. 

After  egg  laying  is  completed  the  mother  tick  has  fulfilled  her  purpose 

and  dies  in  the  course  of  a  few  days. 
After  a  time,  ranging  from  nineteen 

days  in  the  summer  to  one  hundred 

and  eightj-eight  days  during  the  fall 

and  winter,  the  eggs  begin  to  hatch. 

From  each  %gg  issues  a  small,  oval, 

six-legged  larva  or  seed  tick,  at  first 

amber  colored,  later  changing  to  a  rich 

brown.    The  seed  tick,  after  crawling 

slowly  over  and  about  the  shell  from 

which  it  has  emerged,  usually  remains 

more  or  less  C[uiescent  for  several  daj's, 

after  which  it  shows  great  activity. 

especially  if  the  weather  is  warm,  and 

ascends  the  nearest  vegetation,  such 

as  grass,  other  herbs,  and  even  shrubs. 

Since  each  female  lays  an  enormous  mass  of  eggs  at  one  spot,  thou- 
sands of  larva  will  appear  in  the  course  of  time  at  the  same  place  and 

will  ascend  the  near-by  vegetation  and  collect  on  the  leaves.    This 


<«'-' 


.?^. 


Seed  Tick 


"■\ 


After  emerging  from  the  eggs  it  crowds  upon 
spears  of  grass,  and  as  soon  as  possible  attaches 
itself  to  a  passing  cow.  If  no  cattle  give  it 
succor  it  will  die  of  starvation  in  about  four 
months  during  the  summer;  but  in  winter  it 
remains  dormant;  therefore  it  ic  possible  for  it 
to  live  in  a  pasture   or  field  several  months 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 


Engorged  Female  Tick 


Having  completed  its  development  on  the 
animal,  and  having  been  filled  to  its  entire 
capacity  with  its  host's  nourishing  blood,  it  is 
ready  to  fall  to  the  ground  where  it  seeks 
seclusion    and  comfort    to    deposit    its   eggs 


instinct  of  the  seed  ticks  to  climb  up- 
ward is  a  very  important  adaptation  to 
increase  their  chances  of  reaching  a 
host.  If  the  vegetation  upon  whicli 
tliey  rest  is  disturbed,  they  become 
very  active  and  extend  tlieir  long  front 
legs  upward  in  a  divergent  position, 
waving  them  violently  in  an  attempt 
to  seize  hold  of  a  host. 

The  seed  tick  during  its  life  on  the 
pasture  takes  no  food  and  consequently 
does  not  increase  in  size,  and  unless  it 
reaches  a  host  to  take  up  the  parasitic 
portion  of  its  development,  it  dies  of 
starvation.  The  endurance  of  seed  ticks 
is  very  great,  however,  as  they  have 
been  found  to  live  nearly  eight  months 
during  the  colder  part  of  the  year. 


Development  on  Cattle 

The  parasite  phase  of  development 
begins  when  the  larva  or  seed  ticks  reach  a  favorable  host,  such  as  a 
cow.    They  crawl  up  over 

the  hair  of  the  host  and  ^ .  '^.^^v.^  .  -i 

commonly  attach  them- 
selves to  the  skin  of  the 
escutcheon,  the  inside  of 
the  thighs  and  flanks,  and 
to  the  dewlap.  They  at 
once  begin  to  draw  blood 
and  soon  increase  in  size. 
In  a  few  days  the  young 
tick  changes  from  a  brown 
color  to  white,  and  in  from 
five  to  twelve  days  sheds 
its  skin.    The  new  form 

has  eight  legs  instead  of  ^^ 

six,   and   is   known   as    a  J 

nymph.  In  from  five  to 
eleven  days  after  the  first 
molt  the  tick  sheds  its 
skin  and  becomes  sexually 
mature.  It  is  at  this  stage 
that  males  and  females 
are  with  certainty  dis- 
tinguishable for  the  first 


'^^'l''^-' 


Ticks  of  all  sizes  sbingied  on  hide 
of  a  cow,  all  sucking  the  life's  blood 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED  9 


Portion  of  steer's  hide  showing  the  Texas  fever  tick 

time.  The  male  emerges  from  his  skin  as  a  brown,  oval  tick,  about 
one- tenth  of  an  inch  in  length.  He  has  reached  his  growth  and  goes 
through  no  further  development.  He  later  shows  great  activity, 
moving  about  more  or  less  over  the  skin  of  the  laost  The  female, 
at  the  time  of  molting,  is  slightly  larger  then  the  male.    She  never 


10  TEE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTBOYED 

shows  much  activity,  seldom  moving  far  from  her  original  point  of 
attachment.  She  still  has  to  undergo  most  of  her  growth.  After  mat- 
ing, the  female  increases  very  rapidly  in  size,  and  in  from  twenty-one  to 
sixty-six  days  after  attaching  to  a  host  as  a  seed  tick  she  becomes  fully 
engorged  and  drops  to  the  pasture,  to  repeat  the  cycle  of  development. 


Summary  of  Life  History 

To  sum  up,  on  the  pasture  there  are  found  three  stages  of  the 
tick— the  engorged  female,  the  egg,  and  the  larvag  and  on  the 
host  are  found  four  stages — the  larva,  the  nymph,  the  sexually  mature 
adult  of  both  sexes,  and  the  engorged  condition  of  the  female. 


Methods  of  Eradication 

In  undertaking  measures  for  eradicating  the  tick,  it  is  evident  that 
the  pest  may  be  attacked  in  two  locations,  namely,  on  the  pasture  and 
on  the  cattle. 

In  freeing  pastures  the  metliod  followed  may  be  eitlier  a  direct  or 
an  indirect  one.  The  former  consists  in  excluding  all  cattle,  horses, 
and  mules  from  pastures  until  all  the  ticks  have  died  from  starvation. 
The  latter  consists  in  permitting  the  cattle  and  other  animals  to  con- 
tinue on  the  infested  pasture  and  treating  them  at  regular  intervals 
with  oils  or  other  agents  destructive  to  ticks  and  thus  preventing 
engorged  females  from  dropping  and  reinfesting  the  pasture.  The 
larva  on  the  pasture,  or  those  which  hatch  from  eggs  laid  by  females 
already  there,  will  all  eventually  meet  death.  Such  of  these  as  get 
upon  the  cattle  from  time  to  time  will  be  destroyed  by  the  treatment, 
while  those  which  fail  to  find  a  host  will  die  in  the  pasture  from 
starvation. 

What  Tick  Eradication  Means 

The  eradication  of  the  cattle  tick  in  the  South  means  the  awaken- 
ing of  a  new  industry.  It  means  an  immense  market  for  the  produ- 
cers of  registered  cattle  of  all  breeds. 

The  United  States  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  is  co-operating  with 
tlie  officials  of  the  Southern  states  in  striving  to  accomplish  this 
laudable  work  in  the  shortest  possible  time. 

The  tick  has  been  the  cause  of  the  lack  of  interest  in  cattle  raising, 
because  it  made  necessary  the  establishing  of  an  ocean  to  ocean 
quarantine  line,  separating  the  cattle  grown  in  the  South  from  the 
best  markets  of  the  Union. 

Deprive  any  commodity,  grown  or  manufactured,  from  the  best 
markets  of  the  world,  I  care  not  what  it  may  be,  cotton,  corn,  cattle, 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 


11 


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12 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 


or  automobiles  and  the  result  cannot  be  but  failure.    Such  it  has 
been,  most  unfortunately,  with  cattle  in  tlie  quarantined  area. 

The  extermination  of  tlie  tick  means 
the  revolutionizing-  of  the  live  stoclc  in- 
dustry of  the  South,  and  so  far  as  the 
state  of  Mississippi  is  concerned,  the 
people  have  decreed  that  this  evolution 
shall  come  within  two  years. 


Specifications    for   the  Con- 
struction of  a  Cattle 
Dipping   Vat 

Tlie  site  selected  for  the  vat  should 
be  dry.    The  excavation  should  be 

Seven  feet  deep 

Twenty-seven  feet  long-  at  the  top 
Thirteen  "        "        "       bottom 

Four  "    wide     "        top 

Thirty  inclies  "        "        bottom 

The  walls  and  floor  should  be  six  inches 
tliick.  The  wooden  frames  should  be  con- 
structed of  2x4  inch  braces,  on  the  out- 
side of  which  1-inch  boards  are  tacked. 
After  the  concrete  has  set,  take  out 
frame,  and  plaster  inside  of  vat  with  a 
mixture  of  1  part  cement  and  2  parts 
sand.  The  walls  of  the  vat  should  be 
built  one  foot  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  slide  where  the  cattle  go 
into  the  vat  should  be  three  feet  long 
with  a  fall  of  two  feet.  The  concrete 
should  be  made  as  follows : 

Cement         .       .       .       .    i  part 
Sand      -----    2i  parts 
Gravel  or  Broken  Rock      -    5  parts 


all  thoroughly  mixed. 

The  dipping  vat  should  be  covered 
with  a  shed  and  provided  with  convenient 
pens,  chute,  and  dripping  pen. 


THE  CATTJ.E  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED  13 

The  arsenical  solution  has  proved  the  most  effective  of  any  of  the 
preparations  that  have  been  used  to  destroy  ticks. 
The  following-  formula  is  most  commonly  used: 

Sodium  Carbonate      (Sal   soda)  24  lbs. 

White  Arsenic        -----      8  lbs. 

Pine  Tar  ------      i  gallon 

AVater 500  gallons 

^\\\  the  soda  and  arsenic  within  a  kettle  containing  30  gallons  of 
w  ater:  boil  it  30  minutes:  let  this  solution  cool  to  140  degrees,  then 
slowly  add  the  pine  tar. 


Dipping  vat  in  operation  at  Jackson,  Mississippi 


Keep  These  Facts  in  Mind 


The  cattle  tick  is  a  disease-transmitting  parasite  peculiar  to  the 
bovine  specie. 

The  disease  is  known  as  splenetic  or  tick  fever  otherwise  known 
as  bloody  murrain. 

The  tick  is  a  blood-sucking  parasite  which  fattens  at  the  expense  of 
the  infested  cow. 


14  THE  CATTLE  TICK  CAN  BE  DESTROYED 

It  is  on  account  of  the  tick  that  the  national  quarantine  line  was 
established  north  of  which  cattle  may  not  be  moved  except  under 
rigid  restrictions. 

Cattle  not  of  the  tick-infested  area  when  brought  in  to  improve 
the  grade  of  stock  become  infested  with  the  tick  and  a  large  percent- 
age of  them  die  of  tick  fever. 

Tlie  milch  cow  infested  with  the  tick  gives  at  least  ten  per  cent 
less  milk  by  reason  of  its  parasites. 

The  tick  injures  the  hides  so  they  sell  for  one-half  cent  per  pound 
less  than  similar  hides  not  so  affected. 

Tick-infested  cattle  are  not  immune  from  tick  fever. 

Every  year  in  every  tick-infested  country  the  loss  of  cattle  from  the 
disease  would  more  than  pay  for  the  eradication  of  the  tick. 


Tick  infected  steer  — August  12,  1911.    Weight  730  pounds 


The  tick  curtails  opportunities  for  an  open  market  for  your  cattle; 
hence,  a  substantial  curtail  in  price. 

The  tick  causes  an  unsanitary  and  unwholesome  condition  of  the 
animals  infected.  Their  products  are  undesirable  for  human  con- 
sumption. 

It  is  not  human  to  allow  the  tick  to  suck  the  vitality  from  the 
dumb  brutes  we  are  in  duty  bound  to  care  for. 

You  cannot  fatten  cattle  and  feed  the  ticks  upon  tliem. 

We  need  more  and  better  cattle. 

We  need  more  home-produced  beef,  pork,  and  mutton. 

We  need  more  barn-yard  fertilizer. 


THE  CATTLE  TICK  CA}{  'JiE,  i>^j.'ViRrJ^-5;i).« 


15 


We  need  more  pastures,  more  green  cover  crops,  more  clover,  etch, 
cow  peas,  velvet  beans,  and  alfalfa. 

We  need  more  feed  pens  filled  with  cattle  to  consume  the  feeds  we 
raise. 

We  need  more  patriotism  and  work  and  less  politics  to  get  rid  of 
the  cattle  tick. 

The  cattle  tick  is  costing  us  up  to  one  hundred  million  dollars 
annuallj\ 

If  all  the  cattle  on  a  farm,  be  it  large  or  small,  are  regularly  dipped 
once  every  two  weeks  for  a  period  of  a  few  months,  in  a  properly  pre- 
pared arsenical  solution,  all  of  the  ticks  will  be  eradicated. 

The  area  of  ^lississippi  is  46,340  square  miles — an  area  of  14-3,000 
square  miles  has  been  freed  of  ticks  since  1905. 


Same  steer  free  of  ticks  —  October  12,  1911.    Weight,  1,015  pounds 


Mothers!  Do  not  feed  your  children  milk  from  tick-infested  cows; 
it  is  unwholesome,  vmsanitary,  and  unsafe. 

Hon.  E.  F.  Xoel,  Governor  of  Mississippi,  says: 

"Tick  eradication  work  has  done  much  for  Mississippi.  K^one 
who  tried  it  intelligently,  so  far  as  I  have  heard,  were  otherwise 
than  pleased  and  benefited.  I  sincerely  hope  the  work  will  be 
continued  and  advanced  in  this  state  until  we  are  in  at  least  free 
territory  for  the  whole  of  Mississippi.  There  was  never  greater  need 
of  improvement  and  extension  of  cattle  raising  than  in  the  South  at 
this  time.  It  promotes  crop  rotation,  diversified  farming  and  utiliza- 
tion of  valuable  fertilizers." 


THE  PURPOSE  OF  THIS 
BUREAU  IS  TO  FURNISH 
FREE  OF  CHARGE  TO  ALL  THE 
BEST  INFORMATION  OBTAIN- 
ABLE ON  BETTER  FARMING. 
IF  YOU  HAVE  ANY  WORTHY 
QUESTIONS  CONCERNING 
SOILS.  FARM  CROPS.  LAND 
DRAINAGE,  FERTILIZER, 
ETC.,  MAKE  YOUR  INQUIRIES 
SPECIFIC   AND    SEND   THEM 

TO  THE 
I  H  C    SERVICE    BUREAU 
HARVESTER     BUILDING. 
CHICAGO  USA 


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